Biblical Commentary

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 64: The Acceptable Year of Yahweh

This seems to have been expressed here in various ways already, however we must insist on finding different methods by which to illustrate it as completely as possible, because it is, in my opinion, one of the most significant aspects of this prophecy of Isaiah, and of the lessons of the Old Testament as a whole: There is no temporal salvation for the children of Israel without obedience to Yahshua Christ, and that includes the keeping of His commandments, which are found in the laws of Moses. So what we have read in Isaiah concerning the sins of the children of Israel is sufficient cause for repentance, and repentance certainly is a prerequisite to receiving the blessings and promises of these same chapters. As we have just read, in Isaiah chapter 59:

20 And the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn from transgression in Jacob, saith the LORD.

However as we have also seen, the prophecies in these chapters also foreshadow many of the words of Christ Himself in the Revelation, so these same conditions of repentance must be satisfied if we are ever going to see the Kingdom of God. Therefore all Christians should seek to follow in the teachings of Christ, and hope to have a part as repairers of the breach which had developed between Yahweh God and His people Israel on account of their sins.

In our last presentation in Isaiah, we cited a much earlier prophecy found in Isaiah chapter 26 where we read in part: 

15 Thou hast increased the nation, O LORD, thou hast increased the nation: thou art glorified: thou hadst removed it far unto all the ends of the earth. 16 LORD, in trouble have they visited thee, they poured out a prayer when thy chastening was upon them. 17 Like as a woman with child, that draweth near the time of her delivery, is in pain, and crieth out in her pangs; so have we been in thy sight, O LORD. 18 We have been with child, we have been in pain, we have as it were brought forth wind; we have not wrought any deliverance in the earth; neither have the inhabitants of the world fallen.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 63: Premonitions of Sheep and Goats

In Isaiah chapter 58 there is a recounting of the sins of Israel which had caused a breach between them and Yahweh their God, and we are informed as to how men may be Repairers of the Breach, by caring for the weaker and more unfortunate, the defenseless or even the despised of their own people, which, as we hope to have illustrated, is also the core message of the Gospel of Christ. So it is evident that He is the model Repairer of the Breach and men must aspire to be followers of Him, as He Himself had beckoned. Then in Isaiah chapter 59, many of these same sins were described once again and we learn that the entirety of Israel was responsible for this breach, because ostensibly, none of them had spoken out against the injustice, none had sought to correct it, and therefore Israel had been taken into captivity and punishment For Want of Judgment.

In the course of these things, it is evident in Isaiah chapter 58 that the true significance of fasting and of Sabbaths is for men to put those needs of their people above any concern for themselves, and they are beckoned to use them as opportunities to provide for their people, or to do good for them, especially for the disadvantaged of them, rather than providing only for themselves or taking their leisure time to satiate their own desires. This was also the purpose of the ministry of Christ, and it was expressed frequently throughout the accounts of the Gospel. Then in chapter 59, for want of judgment, Yahweh God Himself “16 … saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no intercessor”, and He is portrayed as having adorned Himself with His righteousness, salvation, vengeance and zeal, whereby “20 … the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn from transgression in Jacob.”

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 62: For Want of Judgment 

In the world of ancient Israel, a fast was an act of voluntarily self-deprivation, especially depriving oneself of something of sustenance, like food, as a way of demonstrating humility or of humbling oneself. Often fasts were made in mourning, but sometimes they were made in times of distress. Then, humbling oneself, one was better prepared to entreat God. One example of this is found in 2 Chronicles chapter 20, at a time when the Ammonites and Moabites had attacked Judah:

3 And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to seek the LORD, and proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah. 4 And Judah gathered themselves together, to ask help of the LORD: even out of all the cities of Judah they came to seek the LORD.

Evidently, because the people had humbled themselves, Jehoshaphat’s prayer was answered, and the enemies fled before the people, even leaving their spoils behind, without the people of Judah even having needed to raise a sword. But Jehoshaphat was king of Judah about two hundred years before Hezekiah, at a time when Judah had not yet gone completely off into sin. While he was not perfect, we read in 1 Kings chapter 22 that:

42 Jehoshaphat was thirty and five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. 43 And he walked in all the ways of Asa his father; he turned not aside from it, doing that which was right in the eyes of the LORD: nevertheless the high places were not taken away; for the people offered and burnt incense yet in the high places.

So even a man who fails in some regards, as Jehoshaphat had failed by not purging the sins of others who had been under his rule, could nevertheless find grace in the eyes of God as he himself had sought to do what was right. But later, in Jeremiah chapter 14, about seventy-five years after the failed Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, at a time when the people had collectively turned to sin in spite of the reforms of Josiah, we read:

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 61: Repairers of the Breach

In the closing verses of Isaiah chapter 57, in verse 16, we saw a promise that Yahweh God would not contend with His people forever, nor would He be angry with them forever, “… for the spirit should fail before me, and the souls which I have made.” On account of their sins, a breach had been created between Yahweh God and His people, and now in this chapter, there is a message of encouragement and instruction which explains to the people how that breach should be repaired. Yahweh God is also our wall, our protection, as He had said, for example, in Isaiah chapter 26:

1 In that day shall this song be sung in the land of Judah; We have a strong city; salvation will God appoint for walls and bulwarks.

Then, speaking of a prophetic Jerusalem, in Zechariah chapter 2:

4 And said unto him, Run, speak to this young man, saying, Jerusalem shall be inhabited as towns without walls for the multitude of men and cattle therein: 5 For I, saith the LORD, will be unto her a wall of fire round about, and will be the glory in the midst of her.

Therefore if Yahweh is the true wall of protection for the children of Israel, then if they disobey Him and He does not hear their prayers, as we shall see here in Isaiah chapter 58, there is a breach in the walls and the people have no protection. Yet, as we had seen in Isaiah chapter 45, Yahweh has promised salvation to all of the children of Israel, without exception, but that at the same time, He had said in that same chapter that

23 I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and shall not return, That unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear.

So repairing the breach between Yahweh God and the children of Israel, one must be obedient to God, since it is evident that obedience is a necessary prerequisite for anyone who would follow in this path, and the only alternative is to wander in darkness. This is also the path of Yahshua Christ, the Teacher and Guide of all who may aspire to be Repairers of the Breach. 

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 60: No Peace for the Wicked

In our last discussion, where in Isaiah chapter 56 Yahweh had described Himself as “the Lord Yahweh which gathereth the outcasts of Israel”, we cannot imagine that Yahweh had intended to violate His covenants and promises which He had made to the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, in order to gather to Israel any other people but “lost sheep” Israelites. So where verse 8 of that chapter continues and the Word of Yahweh says “Yet will I gather others to him, beside those that are gathered unto him”, we would make the assertion that here, it is the children of Israel in Assyrian captivity who are being addressed, yet other Israelites had long been scattered elsewhere throughout the οἰκουμένη, or the world of that time, and they would also be gathered to Israel.

Over the nine centuries prior to the Assyrian captivities, many Israelites had been departing from the main body of Israel, and settling colonies abroad, throughout the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the rivers and coasts of Europe. In relation to Isaiah chapters 23 and 24 we had discussed The Burden of Tyre, and how the words of the prophet help serve to elucidate the fact that the Phoenicians of the historical records were indeed Israelites. In that prophecy, Yahweh had promised not to lose sight of those Israelites who had fled from the Assyrians by sea. However Phoenicians had been colonizing the world of the Mediterranean Basin and points beyond long before the time of Isaiah, and even before Judah got involved, where Solomon had employed ships to join Hiram in his mercantile endeavors. One notable example of those early colonies is Thebes in Greece, which was recognized as a Phoenician city throughout the classical Greek writings. The people of Thebes were described as having been fair and blond, especially by the Tragic Poets. Another notable Phoenician settlement in the Greek world was ancient Miletus, and there were others in Thessaly.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 59: The Outcasts of Israel

Since the description of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah chapter 53, the prophet has offered many Promises of Comfort to the children of Israel in captivity, and especially for the obedient among them. Among these promises, they had even been told that they would expand their dwelling space and “inherit the nations”, which we read in Isaiah 54:3:

3 For thou shalt break forth on the right hand and on the left; and thy seed shall inherit the [Nations], and make the desolate cities to be inhabited.

There should be no doubt that these words were intended for the children of Israel in captivity, and that they were meant for Israel exclusively, since we read in verses which follow that promise:

5 For thy Maker is thine husband; the LORD of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called. 6 For the LORD hath called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused, saith thy God. 7 For a small moment have I forsaken thee; but with great mercies will I gather thee. 8 In a little wrath I hid my face from thee for a moment; but with everlasting kindness will I have mercy on thee, saith the LORD thy Redeemer.

This promise is corroborated by a somewhat earlier promise given to the children of Israel in captivity, in Hosea chapter 2 where they were told:

19 And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies. 20 I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 58: Promises of Comfort

The first portion of our discussion of Isaiah chapter 54 had primarily focused on the promise to the children of Israel which is made here in verse 3, that they would “... break forth on the right hand and on the left”, where we had spoken about the expansion of their οἰκουμένη or dwelling space, and “thy seed shall inherit the [Nations], and make the desolate cities to be inhabited,” where we hope to have explained how the Adamic nations of Genesis chapter 10, at least those which had survived to this point in history, would ultimately be dominated and subsumed by the many nations which had been promised to come of the children of Israel. By the time of Christ, there were scarcely any of the original nations of Genesis chapter 10 which remained in any recognizable form, even if there were pockets of people who had retained their original names. The people who ruled the world at the time of His ministry, chiefly the Romans, Parthians, Phoenicians and Scythians, which would include both Gauls and Germans, had mainly descended from the children of Israel, and they were unheard of at the time when Yahweh had made promises and covenants for Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Parthians and Scythians, Germans and Gauls were still unheard of when Isaiah had first begun to write his book of prophecy, before 743 BC. 

As a digression, over the course of our studies these past 25 or so years, many friends have asked questions concerning the fate of those other Adamic nations, imagining them to still be with us today, and ostensibly many of them are, in one way or another but not by their original names. Many of their descendants may be among people of European descent, but it does not really matter, and this is why it does not matter: because Abraham was promised to be The Heir of the World, as Paul of Tarsus had described him in Romans chapter 4, and those words must have been at least partly inspired by this promise here in Isaiah, that Israel would “inherit the nations”. Nations are people groups, and not geographical entities. The desolate cities may have been considered desolate by Yahweh simply because they had not His law, living in the decadence which may justly be associated with varieties of ancient paganism. For this reason we read in verse 5 of the chapter, in reference to Yahweh: “The God of the whole earth shall he be called”, because Abraham is the heir of the world and Israel will inhabit the whole earth. In the Christian era, for better or worse, for right or wrong, all European nations ultimately accepted Christianity, and Yahweh certainly is considered the “God of the whole earth”. Of course, the unfortunate aspect of that is that the goats are often led to believe that they can somehow become sheep, but Christ had also warned that the wheat and the tares must coexist until the time of the end, and Isaiah will warn of that same thing here in chapter 56 of his prophecy, but in a somewhat different manner.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 57: The Heir of the World

From Genesis chapter 12 and the initial promises to Abraham, and throughout the Bible to the very end of the Book of Revelation, the entirety of Scripture may be summarized in one simple declaration: on account of the Word of God, the seed of Abraham through Jacob were given promises that they would ultimately inherit and inhabit the entire earth. There are more general promises to the entire race of Adam, and the Adamic man was created to be immortal, as the Scripture inform us, however these issues are peripheral to the more immediate promises made to this one man and his family, as we shall also see here in Isaiah chapter 54, and the the focal point of the apostles of Christ is the fulfillment of the promises to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. 

Here in Isaiah, as well as in the other books of the prophets, it is evident that these promises were never retracted or nullified, and they were never transferred to any other people. In their captivity, the children of Israel would become those many nations which had been promised to Abraham as well as in subsequent promises made to his wife Sarah, and to Isaac, Rebekah and Jacob. As Paul had written in Romans chapter 9, the children of Isaac through Jacob are counted as the seed of Abraham which is destined to inherit the promises. There Paul had repeated the promise to Abraham that “In Isaac shall thy seed be called” and then he attested that “the children of the promise are counted for the seed.” So the seed of the inheritance which is in Christ was determined in the promises to Abraham in Genesis, which Christ had come to fulfill. 

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 56: The Suffering Servant

The figure who is described here in Isaiah chapters 52 and 53 is commonly called the Suffering Servant by Christians in general, and they correctly and appropriately identify that servant with Yahshua Christ, as the apostles of Christ had also done in their epistles and Gospel accounts. Many of the longstanding, traditional interpretations of the words of the prophets are correct, however quite sadly they are only correct in relation to certain aspects of those prophecies, and then they have accepted a false narrative of the consequences of their fulfillment in other aspects.

This prophecy of the suffering servant cannot be separated from its context within a prophesy of the announcement of the Gospel of Christ, but it also cannot be separated from the call which we had seen in Isaiah chapter 52, for the people of the captivities of Israel to touch not the unclean, and to come out from among them, which is evidently a reference to the people of the nations to where they had been scattered. We had seen that in 2 Corinthians chapter 6, Paul of Tarsus had interpreted that passage and beckoned Christians of his time to separate themselves from all those who did not have and follow the calling of Christ, to be separate from all of those who had not been cleansed on the cross of Christ. This is how the ancient Israelites spread abroad, the true children of God, were separated from His enemies and from all the bastards in the ancient Roman world in the early centuries of Christianity.

As a digression, the acceptance and organization of the churches in the councils of the time of Constantine and subsequent emperors, which resulted in the emergence of the later Roman Catholic Church in the 6th century and with the laws of Justinian, of which the eastern Orthodox churches had also been a part, was a vastly different, imperial form of Christianity which is contrary to Christ, which redefined the meanings of many Biblical terms, and which ignored or dismissed the meanings of most of the words of the prophets. So neither Roman Catholicism nor modern Orthodoxy have ever truly been Christian.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 55: The Report of the Gospel

In our last presentation, Behold, it is I!, we focused on statements found in Isaiah chapter 51, where the Word of Yahweh had said “I, even I, am he that comforteth you” (51:12) and here in Isaiah chapter 52 where He said: “Therefore my people shall know my name: therefore they shall know in that day that I am he that doth speak: behold, it is I” (52:6). These passages we sought to cross-reference to many similar statements which are found elsewhere here in Isaiah, and in the words of Christ in the accounts of the Gospel, which together serve to establish the fact that Yahshua Christ is indeed Yahweh God incarnate. In support of these assertions, in 1 Timothy chapter 3 we read:

14 These things write I unto thee, hoping to come unto thee shortly: 15 But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. 16 And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the [Nations], believed on in the world, received up into glory.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 54: Behold, it is I! 

Here we are only about halfway into Isaiah chapter 51, and we tarried for two weeks on the first half of the chapter, because we find it necessary to properly correlate these promises which had been made to the children of Israel in captivity, after they had been divorced and alienated from Yahweh their God, to the messages of redemption, salvation and reconciliation which are found in the Gospel of Christ. As Paul of Tarsus had written in Ephesians chapter 2, the Church of God is “20 … built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone”, and speaking of a mystery in Ephesians chapter 3, he declared:

5 Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit; 6 That the [Nations] should be fellow heirs, and of the same body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel.

This is where we differ from all denominational Christians and from the eighteen-hundred-year-old interpretations of the traditional churches, which do not agree with the writings of the apostles. The promises to Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah and Jacob all indicate that only the seed of Jacob would inherit the promises and blessings of Abraham, and that through Jacob the seed of Abraham found in the later twelve tribes of Israel would become a great nation, and a company of nations, which would be eternally blessed by God. In Luke chapter 11, Christ Himself expressed the Divine commission of both prophets and apostles alike, implying that the messages of both groups would be harmonious, where He said “49 Therefore also said the wisdom of God, I will send them prophets and apostles, and some of them they shall slay and persecute”, so they would both be equally hated for their common message. Therefore, we cannot interpret the words of the apostles in any manner which is contrary to the words of the prophets, and if there is an alternate, harmonious interpretation, that is the only interpretation which we may accept, so long as we are honest and seek truth.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 53: The Redeemed of Yahweh

In Isaiah chapter 41 the Word of Yahweh turned from the events surrounding Judah and Jerusalem, and began to address the isles and coastlands, which are the places where the children of Israel would be found after the time of the Assyrian captivities. Many had also escaped Palestine by sea, and others had settled the Mediterranean coasts much sooner, which we had discussed in relation to The Burden of Tyre much earlier in Isaiah’s writing, where Yahweh had also admonished them, that they would not be forgotten. However, from that chapter forward, the context in the narrative of Isaiah really has no clear break until the opening verse of chapter 49, where the Word of Yahweh once again begins to addresses the same people and says “Listen, O isles, unto me; and hearken, ye people, from far,” so even that is not really a break in the context at all but seems to be more of a reminder of who it is that He is addressing. Then, while He had addressed the isles and coastlands, at the same time Yahweh continually addressed Jacob and Israel, so they remain His subject and concern throughout Isaiah, and it cannot be imagined that He is speaking to any people other than Israel in captivity. None of the promises found throughout these chapters of Isaiah are relevant to any other people. The isles or coastlands who would await His law and His light are the places where He had expected to find the children of Israel. 

This is illustrated even further where chapter 50 opens, and the children of Israel in captivity are challenged to produce their mother’s bill of divorcement, their mother being an allegory for their nation, and again here in chapter 51 where in the opening verses they are told to look to their ancestors, Abraham and Sarah. So nearly eight hundred years after the time of Isaiah, when Paul of Tarsus had written his epistle to the Romans, he explained in Romans chapter 4 that the promise the Abraham’s seed had already become many nations by his time was fulfilled “as it is written”, and he told his readers that Abraham was their forefather, according to the older Greek manuscripts, or their father, in the medieval Byzantine manuscripts, “as pertaining to the flesh”, so Abraham was their natural, genetic forefather, as well as the forefather of the remnant of Judah in Judaea. The Israelites of the captivity who had forsaken the law, for which reason they were sent into captivity, had become the “uncircumcision” of Paul’s epistles, while the Israelites of Judaea who had aspired to keep the law were the “circumcision” of his epistles. 

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 52: The Comfort of Zion

While discussing Your Mother’s Divorcement, where we had taken a phrase that is found in the opening verse of Isaiah chapter 50 for the title of our discussion of the chapter, we had seen that even in their state of bereavement, having been put away by Yahweh their God, who had been the Husband of their nation, the children of Israel had nevertheless been given hopes of redemption and deliverance. Then, for most of the balance of that chapter, there is a description which, in hindsight, is clearly a Messianic prophecy describing a man who would suffer shame and reproach, but who would ultimately overcome his enemies by the power of God. In the final verses of the chapter, those who fear Yahweh and obey His servant, the promised Messiah, would have hope, but those who were self-reliant and would attempt to walk in their own light, rather than await the light of God, would die in sorrow. 

In the course of our discussion of that chapter, we hope to have illustrated the fact that the allegory of the marriage relationship between Yahweh God and the children of Israel as a nation is really much more than an allegory: it is a fact of history which transcends history itself. It is certain in many ways in Scripture, that Yahweh God does not care for the standards set by men. According to His Word, He is both the Husband and the King of the children of Israel, and that arrangement began in the wedding vows taken at Sinai which are described in the Book of Exodus. 

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 51: Your Mother’s Divorcement 

In our last discussion of Isaiah and the final portion of Isaiah chapter 49, we hope to have demonstrated how the children of Israel had moved to A Place of Their Own, as the prophet Nathan had much earlier communicated to king David, in 2 Samuel chapter 7, and as Isaiah had prophesied in that chapter, where he also indicated that in captivity, the children of Israel would multiply greatly, and their enemies would shrink from them, in verse 19 where we read: “19 For thy waste and thy desolate places, and the land of thy destruction, shall even now be too narrow by reason of the inhabitants, and they that swallowed thee up shall be far away.” Then he indicated that they would seek to migrate to a different location, where we then read: “20 The children which thou shalt have, after thou hast lost the other, shall say again in thine ears, The place is too strait for me: give place to me that I may dwell.” The subsequent verses then describe Israel as “desolate, a captive, and removing to and fro”, which is also indicative of their becoming a migratory people and leaving the places of their captivity and making a new home in another land.

In recent portions of this Commentary, we have already cited Isaiah chapter 66 in reference to this outcome, where we read in reference to these same people: “19 And I will set a sign among them, and I will send those that escape of them unto the nations, to Tarshish, Pul, and Lud, that draw the bow, to Tubal, and Javan, to the isles afar off, that have not heard my fame, neither have seen my glory; and they shall declare my glory among the [Nations].” As we had said, all of these places are located in the north and west, from the coasts of the Black Sea to Anatolia and then west to modern Italy and Iberia. Historically, beginning about a hundred years after the time of Isaiah, from the fall of Assyria the people known as Khumri or Kimmerians did migrate in that direction, and they were followed by their kindred for several centuries, who were also known by the names Sakae, Scythian and Galatae, but later as Saxons, Goths, Alans or or by numerous other and later names.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 50: A Place of Their Own

In the first portion of Isaiah chapter 49 we discussed The Light of the Nations in relation to both the Gospel of Christ, and those for whom the Gospel had been intended, who are the children of Israel and Judah who were in captivity in the islands and coastlands of the West. It is they who were explicitly addressed in the opening verses of the chapter. Then in the course of that discussion, we also hope to have demonstrated the fact that Paul of Tarsus had received a notable commission from Christ Himself to bring the Gospel to those nations, who were the greater number of the scattered children of Israel, not only from the Assyrian captivity, but from as early as the captivity of Egypt, and all of the people who had left by sea to settle abroad during the intervening periods of the Judges and the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. 

In the 8th century BC, western Europe as well as the rivers and seas to the north, were an object of exploration for both Greeks and Phoenicians, but the Phoenicians had already dominated the western Mediterranean, so the Greeks were constrained from that area and from safely reaching the Ocean. The Romans were not yet sailors, as the Roman historian Titus Livius explained in his History of Rome, that they learned ship-building and sailing rather late, in the 3rd century BC, so that they could fight a war against the Carthaginians. So in the later portion of the 7th century BC the Greeks founded a colony at Cyrene, on the coast of Egypt near the Nile Delta, and then at Marseilles, on the Mediterranean coast of France. At Marseilles, there is evidence of an earlier Phoenician presence. In that same century, Greeks had also founded colonies on the coast of the Black Sea both in the Crimea and at the mouth of the Danube River.

A Commentary on Isaiah, Part 49: The Light of the Nations

Discussing the last six chapters of Isaiah, from the middle of chapter 43, Babylon and its fall to the Persians, as well as the related issue of the Persian policy which had paved the way for the rebuilding of Jerusalem, is the significant theme throughout all of them. The fall of ancient Babylon is certainly the central event in the near-vision fulfillment of this prophecy since Cyrus, the then-future king of Persia, was explicitly named and his role in its fall was described. But as we have also explained, those events did not fulfill all of the descriptions found concerning the fall of Babylon in these prophecies of Isaiah. Therefore, as we had further explained, it is evident that these prophesies of Isaiah have a greater purpose than the end of the relatively short-lived Neo-Babylonian empire, and for that, much of the language concerning Babylon here is repeated in reference to the fall of the entity which is called Mystery Babylon in the Revelation of Yahshua Christ.

So in that manner, Babylon becomes more than the name of the ancient city, as it is often used as an allegory representing the captivity of Israel as well as the series of world empires which would rule over the children of Israel in their time of punishment, a time which would last for many centuries. For that reason, at a time when the children of Judah were in captivity in Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had a dream where he had seen a fearsome vision of a beast made of four different metals. So the prophet Daniel had described and interpreted that vision for Nebuchadnezzar, where we read in part, from Daniel chapter 2:

36 This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof before the king. 37 Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory. 38 And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold. 39 And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth. 40 And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise.